AnnaM Posted December 14, 2014 Report Share Posted December 14, 2014 Hey guys, I'm having some trouble chosing my internal assestment topic for history... I would love to do something about the egyptians since I live in Torino which is has the second best egyptian museum in the entire world and my uncle knows everything about the history of Egypt... Do you have any ideas? Let me know thank you Reply Link to post Share on other sites More sharing options...
ShootingStar16 Posted December 15, 2014 Report Share Posted December 15, 2014 History IB Curriculum or Help I need a topic for my Internal Assessment or Extended Essay! We suggest that you use this as the basis for finding a topic. The fact that these points are bulleted means that substantial research already exists on them. Start with a general reading on the topic and then break it down into a more specific question for you to answer. HL option 2: Aspects of the history of Africa 1. Pre-colonial African states (Eastern and Central Africa) 1840 1900This section focuses on states/kingdoms in Eastern and Central Africa and state building in Eastern and Central Africa before the advent of colonialism. It explores the factors contributing to the rise of these states and their political, social and economic organization. The study of the contribution of various leaders and their reaction to the intrusion by foreigners is vital in understanding the difficulties of state-building in Africa. â— Rise of Buganda Kingdom under Kabaka Suuna and Kabaka Mutesa to 1884 â— Rise of Unyamwezi under Mirambo and the Hehe under Mkwawa â— Ethiopian reunification and expansion under Tewodros II (1855 1868), Johannes/Yohannis IV, Menelik II â— Rise of the Mahdist state in Sudan (1881 1898): political, social and economic organization â— Rise of the Lozi under Lewanika: political, social and economic organization â— Rise of the Ndebele under Mzilikazi and Lobengula: political, social and economic organization 2. Pre-colonial African states (Southern and West Africa) 1800 1900This section focuses on the African states in Southern and West Africa before the advent of colonialism. It explores efforts at state building and the political, social and economic factors that contributed to the growth of viable states and the role of political leadership in them. In West Africa, the religious, social and political reasons for the success of the Sokoto jihad are analysed and its complex results are explored. In the Niger Delta, the growth of the palm oil trade led to the emergence of new leaders largely due to their skills as traders. In South Africa, in addition to the study of the Zulu and Sotho kingdoms, there is the much-debated issue of the reasons for the massive and prolonged period of the migration and conflict known as the Mfecane. â— Rise of the Zulu kingdom under Shaku Zulu: political, social and economic organization â— The Mfecane: political, social and economic causes and effects â— The Sotho Kingdom under Mosheshwe: political, social and economic organization â— Rise of the Mandinka Empire under Samori Toure: political, social and economic organization â— The Sokoto caliphate under Usman Dan Fodio: factors for rise of the caliphate and effects â— Rise and fall of the Asante Empire under Osei Tutu: cause of decline and effects â— Niger Delta trading states: the rise and rule of Nana and JaJa 3. European imperialism and annexation of Africa 1850 1900This section deals with the reasons for the growth of European interest in Africa in the 19th century beginning with the activities of traders, explorers and missionaries. It examines both the European and the African background to partition, and analyses how the military and political weakness of African states facilitated the European annexation of Africa. It assesses the relative importance of economic and political factors in European imperialism in Africa and provides an opportunity to explore the historiographical debate over the relative importance of the activities of Leopold II in the Congo, the British in Egypt and the Berlin West African Conference in accelerating the “scramble for Africaâ€. â— Growth of European activity in Africa: traders and explorers â— European background to partition: national rivalry; strategic factors; economic and humanitarian factors â— African background to partition: military, technological and administrative weaknesses; political and cultural disunity â— Activities of King Leopold II of Belgium and de Brazza in the Congo region â— The Egyptian question: French and British rivalry and British occupation â— German annexation, the Berlin West Africa Conference and its impact 4. Response to European imperialism (Eastern and Central Africa) 1880 1915This section deals with the responses of communities and states in Eastern and Central Africa to their loss of independence. Students are expected to study in depth a variety of responses and compare and contrast the reasons for, and results of, resistance and collaboration in a very diverse region in which economic, political, social and religious factors made varying contributions to the nature of the responses. â— Resistance and collaboration: Buganda under Kabaka Mwanga and Apolo Kagwa (1884 1900) â— Ethiopian resistance under Menelik II: reasons for success â— Nandi resistance under Koitalel arap Samoei (1895 1906): causes, nature and effects â— Resistance to German rule: causes, course and effects of Maji Maji Rising (1905) â— Lewanika and Lobengula: relations with the British â— Ndebele–Shona rising: causes, course and effects of the first Chimurenga War (1896 7) â— John Chilembwe’s rising in Malawi (1915): causes, course and effects 5. Response to European imperialism (Southern and West Africa) 1870 1920This section deals with the responses of communities and states in Southern and West Africa to their loss of independence. Students are expected to study in depth a variety of responses and compare and contrast the reasons for, and results of, resistance and collaboration in a very diverse region in which economic, political, social and religious factors made varying contributions to the nature of the responses. â— Conquest and resistance in Namibia; the Herero, the Nama, the Germans; causes and results of resistance â— Khama’s rule and relations with British to 1923: a case study of collaboration â— Conquest and destruction of the Zulu Kingdom; deposition of Cetshwayo â— Asante: British intervention (1901); causes and results of Anglo–Asante wars â— Mandinka resistance to French rule: French intervention and the destruction of the Mandinka Empire (1880 98) 6. Developments in South Africa 1880 1994This section focuses on South Africa after it had been conquered by Britain, the political, economic and social consequences of the discovery of minerals and the struggle by the Boers to regain political power. It examines the causes of the South African War and the short term and long term results, including the establishment of the Union government. It requires an in depth study of the changing nature of policies towards the African majority from the segregation of Smuts and Hertzog to the apartheid policies developed by Malan and Verwoerd. â— Discovery of diamonds and gold: political, social and economic consequences â— South African War (1899 1902): causes, consequences and Act of Union â— Policies of Smuts and Hertzog 1910 48; segregation, discrimination and protest â— Nationalist Party: Malan’s policies (1948); Verwoerd’s apartheid policies and their impact; the Bantustans and their impact (1948 60) â— Resistance to apartheid: the ANC, Sharpeville, Steve Biko and Black Consciousness; Soweto massacres â— Political, social and economic development; international opposition to apartheid â— De Klerk’s lifting of the ban on the ANC; release of Mandela; CODESA; constitutional agreement; the 1994 elections 7. Africa under colonialism 1890 1980This section focuses on the establishment of colonial administrative systems in Eastern, Central and West Africa between 1890 and the establishment of independence. It requires an in-depth comparative study of British, French, German and Portuguese systems of administration, their impact and the economic and social developments during the colonial period. Students should study how political developments were affected by the presence of colonial settlers in Kenya, Angola and Mozambique. â— British rule in Kenya: colonial administration; settler pressure; economic and social development to 1963 â— Tanganyika under German and British rule to 1961 â— Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia under British rule; economic and social development to 1964 â— Angola/Mozambique under Portuguese rule; economic and social development to 1975 â— Nigeria: indirect rule; direct rule; factors that promoted choice of administrative system in Nigeria, advantages and disadvantages; impact to 1960 â— Gold Coast: colonial administration; economic, social and political development to 1957 â— Senegal: French colonial administration; economic, social and political development to 1960 8. Social and economic developments in the 19th and 20th centuries 1800 1960The following section requires that students gain in-depth knowledge of social and economic developments in one of the following areas: Eastern and Central Africa; South Africa; West Africa; North Africa. The chosen area of study should be identified in the introduction to the examination answers. Students are expected to have an in-depth knowledge of the changing status of women in the pre-colonial and colonial periods. The section requires a comparative analysis of the reasons for, and impact of, the spread of Islam and Christianity and the development of independent African Churches. It also examines the degree of continuity and change in education, culture and the arts. â— Slave economies; abolition of slave trade and expansion of legitimate commerce â— Political and religious impact of the spread of Islam â— Changing role of women â— Spread of Christianity: factors that promoted Christianity; impact on society and culture â— The Africa Independent Church movement â— Tradition and change in education, art and culture 9. Nationalist and independence movements (Eastern and Central Africa)This is an important section that deals with the efforts at decolonization in Eastern and Central Africa. It is different from sections 4 and 5 on the responses to colonialism in that it focuses on the later attempts to regain political freedom. It requires a comparative analysis of the factors that led some countries to achieve independence earlier or later than others, and of the relative contributions of internal and external factors, the role of nationalist movements and political parties and leadership, and the response of colonial powers. Students should have an in-depth knowledge of the reasons why independence was sometimes achieved through peaceful negotiations and sometimes through armed struggle. â— Tanganyika: Tanganyika African National Union; Julius Nyerere to 1961 â— Uganda: political parties, ethnic and religious rivalries; independence in 1962 â— Kenya: trade unions; Mau Mau; Jomo Kenyatta and KANU to 1963 â— Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: Ian Smith; UDI; Liberation War; Robert Mugabe (1963 80) â— Collapse of Central African Federation; Kamuzu Banda in Malawi; Kenneth Kaunda in Zambia to 1964 â— Mozambique, Frelimo and Liberation War to 1975 10. Nationalist and independence movements (Southern and West Africa)This is an important section that deals with the efforts at decolonization in Southern and West Africa. It is different from sections 4 and 5 on the responses to colonialism, in that it focuses on the later attempts to regain political freedom. It requires a comparative analysis of the factors that led some countries to achieve independence earlier or later than others, and of the relative contributions of internal and external factors, the role of nationalist movements and political parties and leadership, and the response of colonial powers. Students should have an in-depth knowledge of the reasons why independence was sometimes achieved through peaceful negotiations and sometimes through armed struggle. â— Angola: liberation war; MPLA and UNITA to independence in 1975 â— South-west Africa: SWAPO to independence for Namibia in 1990 â— French West Africa: Sekou Toure in Guinea to independence in 1958 â— French West Africa: nationalism, political parties and independence in Senegal in 1960 â— Gold Coast to Ghana: Nkrumah and the CPP to independence in 1957 â— Nigeria: political parties; ethnic and regional rivalries; independence in 1960 11. Post-independence politics to 2000This section deals with the new challenges and new problems that came with independence in Africa. It provides an opportunity to explore the ways and reasons why the countries of the region attempted to solve their problems of disease, illiteracy, poverty and economic development. It includes case studies of the reasons for, and the impact of, ethnic conflict, civil war and military intervention in African politics. All six bullet points should be covered by a case study approach using any two African countries. The chosen countries should be identified in the introduction to the examination answers. â— Ethnic conflict and civil war â— Military intervention and rule â— Social and economic challenges: disease, illiteracy, poverty, famine, economic development, changing social and cultural values â— Corruption and neocolonialism in Africa: origin, causes and impact â— Reasons for the establishment of one-party states â— Return to multiparty democracy in the 1980s and 1990s 12. Africa, international organizations and the international communityThis section deals with how Africa was affected by, and itself impacted on, international organizations in the 20th century. These include the League of Nations, the United Nations and its specialized agencies and regional organizations such as the East African Community. The Abyssinian Crisis was a death blow to the League of Nations, while the United Nations made a notable contribution to the stabilization of Mozambique. Africa did not escape the impact of the global conflict of the Cold War. Some countries remained neutral, while others sided with the United States or the Soviet Union and this had significant consequences for the history of those countries. â— League of Nations: Abyssinian Crisis (1935 6) â— Organization of African Unity: objectives, successes and failures â— OAU to AU: objectives, structure, successes and failures â— Regional organizations: East African Community to East African cooperation; Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS); South Africa Development Cooperation Conference (SADCC) â— Africa and the United Nations movement: Congo, Mozambique, Rwanda and Somalia â— UN specialized agencies: a case study of the impact of any two agencies â— Cold War and its impact on Africa: a case study of two countries HL option 3: Aspects of the history of the Americas 1. Independence movementsThis section focuses on the various forces that contributed to the rise of the independence movements, the similar and different paths that the movements followed and the immediate effects of independence in the region. It explores the political, intellectual and military contributions of their leaders and the sometimes contradictory views that shaped the emergence of the new nations. â— Independence movements in the Americas: political, economic, social, intellectual and religious causes; the role of foreign intervention; conflicts and issues leading to war â— Political and intellectual contributions of leaders to the process of independence: Washington, Bolivar (suitable choices could be Adams, Jefferson, San MartÃn, O’Higgins) â— United States Declaration of Independence; processes leading to the declaration; influence of ideas; nature of the declaration; military campaigns and their impact on the outcome (suitable examples could be Saratoga and Yorktown) â— Independence movements in Latin America: characteristics of the independence processes; reasons for the similarities and/or differences in two countries in the region; military campaigns and their impact on the outcome (suitable examples could be Chacabuco, Maipú, Ayacucho, Boyacá and Carabobo) â— United States’ position towards Latin American independence; events and reasons for the emergence of the Monroe Doctrine â— Impact of independence on the economies and societies of the Americas: economic and social issues; new perspectives on economic development; impact on different social groups: Native Americans, African Americans, Creoles 2. Nation-building and challengesThis section focuses on the new challenges and problems that came with independence. It explores the ways in which, and the reasons why, the countries of the region attempted to build their nations. Independent and new nations emerged; the colonial empires, with few exceptions, were gone; new world links were forged yet the colonial legacy remained. Two of the problems that confronted the new nations were how to challenge it or how to build on it. The task of building new nations opened the doors to novel ways of political, social and economic thinking and to the redefining of concepts such as nation and state. â— United States: Articles of Confederation; the Constitution of 1787: philosophical underpinnings; major compromises and changes in the US political system â— Latin America: challenges to the establishment of political systems; conditions for the rise of and impact of the caudillo rule in two countries (suitable examples could be Rosas, Gomez, Artigas) â— War of 1812: causes and impact on British North America and the United States â— Mexican–American War 1846 8: causes and effects on the region â— Canada: causes and effects of 1837 rebellions; the Durham Report and its implications; challenges to the Confederation; the British North America Act of 1867: compromises, unresolved issues, regionalism, effects â— Changes in the conditions of social groups such as Native Americans, mestizos, immigrants in the new nations 3. United States Civil War: causes, course and effects 1840 77This section focuses on the United States Civil War between the North and the South (1861 5), which is often perceived as the great watershed in the history of the United States. It transformed the country forever: slavery disappeared following Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and the Northern success marked a victory for the proponents of strong central power over the supporters of states’ rights. It marked the beginnings of further westward expansion and transformed United States’ society by accelerating industrialization and modernization in the North and largely destroying the plantation system in the South. The war left the country with a new set of problems: how would the South rebuild its society and economy and what would be the place in that society of 4 million freed African Americans? These changes were fundamental, leading some historians to see the war (and its results) as a “second American Revolutionâ€. â— Cotton economy and slavery; conditions of enslavement; adaptation and resistance such as the Underground Railroad â— Origins of the Civil War: political issues, states’ rights, modernization, sectionalism, the nullification crisis, economic differences between North and South â— Abolitionist debate: ideologies and arguments for and against slavery and their impact â— Reasons for, and effects of, westward expansion and the sectional debates; the crisis of the 1850s; the Kansas–Nebraska problem; the Ostend Manifesto; the Lincoln–Douglas debates; the impact of the election of Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation; Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy â— Union versus Confederate: strengths and weaknesses; economic resources; significance of leaders during the US Civil War (suitable examples could be Grant and Lee, Sherman and Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall†Jackson) â— Major battles of the Civil War and their impact on the conflict: Antietam and Gettysburg; the role of foreign powers â— Reconstruction: economic, social and political successes and failures; economic expansion â— African Americans in the Civil War and in the New South: legal issues; the Black Codes; Jim Crow Laws 4. The development of modern nations 1865 1929This section, covering the period between the late 19th century and the early 20th century, saw forces that transformed the countries of the region. These forces are generally seen as part of “modernizationâ€, a process that involved the progressive transformation of the economic, political and social structures of the countries of the region. With respect to the first four bullets, a case study approach should be adopted, using two countries from the region as examples. The chosen countries should be identified in the introduction to the examination answers. â— Causes and consequences of railroad construction; industrial growth and economic modernization; the development of international and inter-American trade; neocolonialism and dependency â— Causes and consequences of immigration; emigration and internal migration, including the impact upon, and experience of, indigenous peoples â— Development and impact of ideological currents including Progressivism, Manifest Destiny, liberalism, nationalism, positivism, Social Darwinism, “indigenismo†and nativism â— Social and cultural changes: the arts; the role of women â— Influence of leaders in the transition to the modern era: political and economic aims; assessment of the successes and failures of Theodore Roosevelt, Wilfrid Laurier and a Latin American leader of the student’s choice â— Social, economic and legal conditions of African Americans between 1865 and 1929; the Great Migration and the Harlem Renaissance; the search for civil rights and the ideas, aims and tactics of Booker T Washington, WEB Dubois and Marcus Garvey 5. Emergence of the Americas in global affairs 1880 1929This section focuses on modernization in the region, and its impact on foreign policy. It explores the involvement of the nations in the First World War. Modernization shaped the new nations and its effects created the basis for a major shift in the foreign policies of the region. By the end of the century, for example, the United States played a more active role in world affairs, and in the affairs of Latin America in particular, thus transforming inter-American relations. When the First World War broke out in Europe, several American countries were involved in the conflict. When the war ended, its impact was felt in the economic, social and foreign policies of the participating countries. â— United States’ expansionist foreign policies: political, economic, social and ideological reasons â— Spanish–American War: causes and effects (1898) â— United States’ foreign policies: the Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; Moral Diplomacy; applications and impact on the region â— United States and the First World War: from neutrality to involvement; reasons for US entry into the First World War; Wilson’s peace ideals and the struggle for ratification of the Versailles Treaty in the United States; significance of the war for the United States’ hemispheric status â— Involvement and participation of either Canada or one Latin American country in the First World War: reasons for and/or against participation; nature of participation â— Impact of the First World War on two countries of the Americas: economic, political, social, and foreign policies 6. The Mexican Revolution 1910 40This section focuses on the causes, course and impact of the Mexican Revolution that occurred in a country that had experienced a lengthy period of political stability and economic growth. The socio-economic composition of revolutionary leadership was varied, as were the aims. The revolution was prolonged and costly. The Constitution of 1917 has been described as the most progressive constitution created at this time in the region. It had significant influence on the political developments of the country and the area. The revolution impacted greatly on the arts, arguably representing the earliest and most enduring attempt to overcome racial divisions and incorporate the Indian heritage into the national identity. â— Causes of the Mexican Revolution: social, economic and political; the role of the Porfiriato regime â— The revolution and its leaders (1910 17): ideologies, aims and methods of Madero, Villa, Zapata, Carranza; achievements and failures; Constitution of 1917: nature and application â— Construction of the post-revolutionary state (1920 38): Obregón, Calles and the Maximato; challenges; assessment of their impact in the post-revolutionary state â— Lázaro Cárdenas and the renewal of the revolution (1939 40): aims, methods and achievements â— The role of foreign powers (especially the United States) in the outbreak and development of the Mexican Revolution; motivations, methods of intervention and contributions â— Impact of the revolution on the arts, education and music (suitable examples could be Siqueiros, Rivera, Orozco); the impact of Vasconcelos’ educational reforms; the development of popular music; literary works on the revolution 7. The Great Depression and the Americas 1929 39This section focuses on the nature of the Depression as well as the different solutions adopted by governments in the region and the impact on these societies. The Great Depression produced the most serious economic collapse in the history of the Americas. It affected every country in the region and brought about the need to rethink economic and political systems. The alternatives that were offered and the adaptations that took place marked a watershed in political and economic development in many countries in the region. With respect to the last two bullets, a case study approach should be adopted, using one country from the region as an example. The chosen country should be identified in the introduction to the examination answers. â— The Great Depression: political and economic causes in the Americas â— Nature and efficacy of solutions in the United States: Hoover; Franklin D Roosevelt and the New Deal; critics of the New Deal â— Canada: Mackenzie King and RB Bennett â— Latin America’s responses to the Depression: either G Vargas or the Concordancia in Argentina; Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) or any relevant case study of a Latin American country â— Impact of the Great Depression on society: African Americans, women, minorities â— The Great Depression and the arts: photography, the movie industry, the radio, literary currents 8. The Second World War and the Americas 1933 45As the world order deteriorated in the late 1930s, resulting in the outbreak of war in Europe, the countries of the region reacted in different ways to the challenges presented. This section focuses on the changing policies of the countries in the region as a result of growing political and diplomatic tensions preceding and during the Second World War. It also examines the impact of the war upon the Americas. â— Hemispheric reactions to the events in Europe: inter-American diplomacy; cooperation and neutrality; Franklin D Roosevelt’s Good Neighbour policy, its application and effects â— The diplomatic and/or military role of two countries in the Second World War â— Social impact of the Second World War on: African Americans, Native Americans, women and minorities; conscription â— Treatment of Japanese Americans and Japanese Canadians â— Reaction to the Holocaust in the Americas â— Impact of technological developments and the beginning of the atomic age â— Economic and diplomatic effects of the Second World War in one country of the Americas 9. Political developments in the Americas after the Second World War 1945 79This section focuses on domestic concerns and political developments after 1945. The majority of states in the Americas experienced social, economic and political changes and challenges. Political responses to these forces varied from country to country: from the continuation of democracy to multi-class “populist†alliances to outright conflict, revolution and the establishment of authoritarian regimes in the 1960s and 1970s. Areas of study include: conditions for the rise to power of new leaders; economic and social policies; treatment of minorities. Note: Vargas and Cárdenas came to power before 1945 but their rule and influence in their respective states continued after 1945. â— United States: domestic policies of Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy â— Johnson and “the Great Societyâ€; Nixon’s domestic reforms â— Canada: domestic policies from Diefenbaker to Clark and Trudeau (both were prime ministers in 1979) â— Causes and effects of the Silent (or Quiet) Revolution â— Populist leaders in Latin America: rise to power; characteristics of populist regimes; social, economic and political policies; the treatment of opposition; successes and failures (suitable examples could be Perón, Vargas or any relevant Latin American leader) â— The Cuban Revolution: political, social, economic causes; impact on the region â— Rule of Fidel Castro: political, economic, social and cultural policies; treatment of minorities; successes and failures â— Military regimes in Latin America: rationale for intervention; challenges; policies; successes and failures 10. The Cold War and the Americas 1945 1981This section focuses on the development and impact of the Cold War on the region. Most of the second half of the 20th century was dominated by the global conflict of the Cold War. Within the Americas, some countries were closely allied to the United States and some took sides reluctantly. Many remained neutral or sought to avoid involvement in Cold War struggles. A few, influenced by the Cuban Revolution, instituted socialist governments. No nation, however, escaped the pressures of the Cold War, which had a significant impact on the domestic and foreign policies of the countries of the region. â— Truman: containment and its implications for the Americas; the rise of McCarthyism and its effects on domestic and foreign policies of the United States; the Cold War and its impact on society and culture â— Korean War and the United States and the Americas: reasons for participation; military developments; diplomatic and political outcomes â— Eisenhower and Dulles: New Look and its application; characteristics and reasons for the policy; repercussions for the region â— United States’ involvement in Vietnam: the reasons for, and nature of, the involvement at different stages; domestic effects and the end of the war â— United States’ foreign policies from Kennedy to Carter: the characteristics of, and reasons for, policies; implications for the region: Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress; Nixon’s covert operations and Chile; Carter’s quest for human rights and the Panama Canal Treaty â— Cold War in either Canada or one Latin American country: reasons for foreign and domestic policies and their implementation 11. Civil rights and social movements in the AmericasThis section focuses on the origins, nature, challenges and achievements of civil rights movements after 1945. Movements represented the attempts to achieve equality for groups that were not recognized or accepted as full members of society. The groups challenged established authority and entrenched attitudes. â— Native Americans and civil rights: Latin America, the United States and Canada â— African Americans and the Civil Rights Movement: origins, tactics and organizations; the US Supreme court and legal challenges to segregation in education; ending of the segregation in the South (1955 65) â— Role of Dr Martin Luther King in the Civil Rights Movement; the rise of radical African American activism (1965 8): Black Panthers; Black Muslims; Black Power and Malcolm X â— Role of governments in civil rights movements in the Americas â— Youth culture and protests of the 1960s and 1970s: characteristics and manifestation of a counterculture â— Feminist movements in the Americas 12. Into the 21st century—from the 1980s to 2000This section focuses on changing trends in foreign and domestic policies in the Americas during the transition to the 21st century. The latter decades of the 20th century also witnessed significant political, social, cultural, economic and technological changes in the region. With respect to the last four bullets points, a case study approach should be adopted, using one country of the region. The chosen country should be identified in the introduction to the examination answers. â— The United States, from bipolar to unilateral power: domestic and foreign policies of presidents such as Reagan, Bush, Clinton; challenges; effects on the United States; impact upon the hemisphere â— Restoration of democracy in Latin America: political, social and economic challenges (suitable examples could be Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay) â— Globalization and its effects: social, political and economic â— Revolution in technology: social, political and economic impact such as the role of the media and the Internet â— Popular culture: new manifestations and trends in literature, films, music and entertainment â— New concerns: threats to the environment; health HL option 4: Aspects of the history of Asia and Oceania 1. Colonialism in South and Southeast Asia and Oceania—late 18th to the mid 19th centuryThis section focuses on the impact of European and American imperialism and colonialism upon the indigenous societies and political systems of the region up to and including the Great Revolt (Indian Mutiny) of 1857. It analyses the causes, nature and effects of the different colonial systems, exploring both similarities and differences between them. It compares and contrasts the responses of the colonized peoples and their rulers to the colonizers. This section also focuses on the settlement colonies established in Australia and New Zealand. â— The political structure and the effects of the British colonial system in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific â— The political structure and the effects of the British colonial system in South Asia; the rule of the British East India company â— The political structure and the economic, social and cultural effects of the Dutch colonial system in Indonesia â— The political structure and the economic, social and cultural effects of the French colonial system in Indo-China â— The political structure and the economic, social and cultural effects of the Spanish colonial system in the Philippines â— Great Revolt (Indian Mutiny) of 1857: causes, course and consequences â— Revolts and opposition to colonial rule in Southeast Asia 2. Traditional East Asian societies—late 18th to the mid 19th centuryThis section focuses on imperial China and Japan as they responded to the challenges posed by the arrival of the Western powers and their demands for trade, diplomatic representation and the rights of their citizens. Western intrusion coincided with domestic social and economic changes that were challenging the status quo and placing the existing regimes under strain. â— Imperial rule; Confucianism and challenges to traditional society under the Qing (Ch’ing) Dynasty â— The Chinese tribute system and Western trade missions â— Gunboat diplomacy: the First and Second Opium Wars; the unequal treaties â— Taiping (Taip’ing) Rebellion: causes and consequences â— Tokugawa Shogunate’s rule in Japan and challenges to it â— Tokugawa economic and social structure; social changes and discontent â— Commodore Perry’s expedition and the crisis of the Bakumatsu period, 1853 1868 3. Developing identities—mid 19th to early 20th centuryThis section examines the responses of the colonized states and peoples of the region to colonial rule, the emergence of nationalist movements and the struggle for independence. Similarities may be observed underlying the different national identities, though subject to the different natures of the colonial societies and the different and changing policies of the colonial powers. The settlement colonies of Australia and New Zealand, themselves varied in their origins, revealed certain similarities with more directly governed colonies in Asia and Southeast Asia as they acquired a separate national identity and gained independence. â— Government of India Act 1858, the partition of Bengal 1905, the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 and their impact on the political organizations in British India â— Development of constitutional groups: Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League â— Growth of modern nationalism: Indonesia (Dutch East Indies), Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos (French Indo-China) â— Siamese monarchy: Rama IV (Mongkut), Rama V (Chulalongkorn); independence and nationalism â— Burmese monarchy: Kings Mindon and Thibaw; loss of independence and rise of modern nationalism â— Philippines and the United States: Rizal, Bonifacio, Aguinaldo â— Growth of national identity: Australia or New Zealand 4. Early modernization and imperial decline in East Asia—mid 19th to the early 20th centuryThis section focuses on developments in China and Japan up to the early 20th century. It examines the largely unsuccessful attempts at modernization and reform in China. The conservative and popular opposition to change was demonstrated by the failures of the Self-Strengthening Movement and the Hundred Days Reform and by the violence of the Boxer Rebellion. In contrast, Japan modernized rapidly and successfully during this period to emerge as a country that challenged the power of the Western nations in Asia. â— Tongzhi (T’ung-chih) Restoration and Self-Strengthening Movement (1861 94) â— Impact of defeat in the Sino–Japanese War (1894 5); Guangxu (Kuang-hsu) and the Hundred Days Reform (1898) â— Boxer Rebellion (1900 01); the late Qing (Ch’ing) reforms â— Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) and the 1911 “Double Ten†Nationalist Revolution â— Meiji Restoration (1868) in Japan; the 1889 Constitution â— Social, cultural and economic developments in Meiji Japan â— Commitment to military power; victory in the Sino–Japanese War (1894 5) and in the Russo–Japanese War (1904 5) â— Korean isolation: opening (1876); rebellions; annexation (1910) 5. Impact of the World Wars on South and Southeast Asia to the mid 20th centuryThis section relates to the changes produced in South and Southeast Asia by the First and Second World Wars. Both regions were under European rule and were affected by the colonial powers’ involvement. Colonial subjects fought in the wars or were employed as non-combatants. Many thousands witnessed the war in Europe in 1914 1918, became disillusioned with European civilization and rejected European claims to moral superiority. Many were politicized and some attracted to Communism by the success of the Russian Revolution. President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, particularly the one asserting the right of self-determination, were applied to their own subject status. Some concessions were wrung from the colonial powers in the interwar period. The Second World War impinged directly on the region: the defeat of the colonial powers by Japan lowered their prestige further and provided opportunities for nationalists to assert their claims. â— Government of India Acts 1919 and 1935 and the response of nationalists â— Gandhi, Nehru and Indian nationalism: non-cooperation, civil disobedience and Quit India â— Jinnah: the growth of Muslim separatism â— Factors contributing to independence and partition of the South Asian subcontinent: 1947 Independence Act and its effects in India and Pakistan; Sri Lanka 1948 â— Legacy of Japanese occupation in Southeast Asia â— Growth of modern nationalism: Indonesia (Dutch East Indies), Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos (French Indo-China) â— Case study on one country in South or Southeast Asia (other than one already named in this section): political, social and economic effects of the First World War and/or the Second World War 6. The Republic of China 1912 49 and the rise of CommunismThis section deals with the tribulations of the early years of the Chinese Republic from 1912 until the establishment by Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) of his government at Nanjing (Nanking) in 1928; the conflict between the Chinese Communist Party and the Guomindang (Kuomintang) until the Second United Front of 1936; the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, beginning what has become known as the Fifteen-Year War with Japan (1931 45); the Sino–Japanese War of 1937 45; and the civil war between the Guomindang (Kuomintang) and the Communists culminating in the victory of the Communists under Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) in October 1949. Emphasis should be placed on understanding the complexities of governing China, the opposing ideologies of the Nationalists and the Communists and the impact of Japanese aggression upon the domestic struggle for power. â— The 21 Demands (1915); New Culture Movement; the Treaty of Versailles (1919); the May Fourth Movement (1919) â— Yuan Shikai (Yuan Shih-k’ai); warlordism; the Northern Expedition; the Jiangsi (Kiangsi) Soviet; the Long March (1934 5) â— Guomindang, GMD (Kuomintang, KMT): leadership, ideology and policies â— Chinese Communist Party (CCP): leadership, ideology and policies â— The First United Front (1924 7); Second United Front (1936 45) â— The Fifteen-Year War (1931 45) between China and Japan â— Chinese Civil War and the Communist victory (1946 9) 7. Imperial Japan: empire and aftermath 1912 1952This section deals with post-Meiji Japan; the failure to establish a democratic system of parliamentary government, the rise of militarism and extreme nationalism leading to aggression in Manchuria and China; and the attempt to establish a Japanese Empire in East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific under the guise of a Japanese dominated Co-Prosperity Sphere. The focus should be on the failure of democracy and the rise of militarism, placed in the context of Japanese cultural traditions, its perception of its economic requirements and the effects of the Great Depression of the 1930s, and the international situation. â— First World War and the post-war conferences in Paris, Washington and London â— Taisho Democracy: the growth of liberal values and the two-party system â— Rise of militarism and the influence of the army in politics â— Invasions of Manchuria (1931) and China (1937) and impact on relations with the West â— Pearl Harbor and the Pacific war (1941 5) â— Defeat and the US Occupation: political and military changes â— Social, economic and cultural reforms under the Occupation 1945 52 8. Developments in Australia and New Zealand, and in the Pacific Islands 1941 2000This section focuses on Japan’s expansion into Southeast Asia after December 1941. Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, also in December 1941, meant that the United States had become involved in the Pacific war. The fall of Singapore in February 1942 undermined Australia and New Zealand’s reliance on Britain and they subsequently looked to the United States for help to combat the Japanese threat. The defeat of Japan altered strategic thinking in Australia and New Zealand, both joining in alliances with the United States and both following a strongly anti-Communist line after the Communist success in China. Both countries, but particularly Australia, encouraged immigration from the UK, from Europe and, by the 1960s, from Asia. Both were active in international organizations and played more independent roles in world affairs, particularly in Asia and the Pacific Islands. Ties with Britain weakened and economic links were forged with Japan and, later, with the emerging economies of China, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. â— Society, culture and the growth of national identity â— Immigration to Australia or New Zealand after the war and the effects on society â— Curtin, Chifley, Menzies, Whitlam, Hawke/Keating and Howard governments in Australia â— Struggle between the Labour party and the National party in New Zealand â— Attitudes and policies with regard to aboriginals in Australia and towards the Maori and other minorities in New Zealand â— Australia and New Zealand: foreign policy and international alignments â— Economic policies and realignment including effects of Britain joining the EU; the economic rise of Japan, Southeast Asia and China; the emergence of independent Pacific Island states â— Cultural developments—impact of European, Asian and American culture and development of multicultural societies 9. Developments in South and Southeast Asia from mid 20th century to 2000This section analyses the political developments in the newly independent countries of South and Southeast Asia, after the Second World War. A tension developed between attachment to democratic institutions and free elections and the desire for strong government to prevent political divisions leading to partition and fragmentation, as eventually happened when Bangladesh was created out of East Pakistan. Ethnic and religious minorities existed to a greater or lesser extent in all countries of the region and posed a problem with regard to developing a sense of national identity and unity. Strong centralized government, often with military backing, was seen as a means of imposing a national ideology and maintaining national unity. Conversely, there was also the desire to have government ratified by national elections. This tension between democracy and centralized government was a common feature in the region. â— India: domestic policies and achievements of Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi â— Indo-Pakistani relations (including Kashmir); Indian foreign policy (including non-alignment); Sino-Indian relations â— Pakistan: domestic policies and achievements of Jinnah, Ayub Khan, Zulfikar Bhutto, Zia â— Religious issues in India and Pakistan â— Social and economic developments in India and Pakistan â— Developments in Indo-China: Vietnam 1955 75, Cambodia (Kampuchea), Laos â— Case study of political, social and economic developments of two of the following: the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, Burma, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh 10. China: the regional superpower from mid 20th century to 2000This section deals with the emergence of China as a world power under the rule of the Chinese Communist Party. The process involved great upheavals in China itself as the Communist Party under Chairman Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) imposed its rule and Mao’s vision of a socialist state. A more pragmatic regime since Mao’s death has overseen the modernization of China’s economy and its emergence as a growing economic power within the global economy. Given its size, population and military strength, it had become the regional superpower by 2000. â— Establishment of the Communist state 1949 1961; the role of Mao â— Transition to socialism; successes and failures in social and economic developments 1949 61 â— Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution: causes and effects, political, social and cultural impact â— Foreign affairs 1949 76: Sino-American relations; establishment and breakdown of Sino–Soviet relations/conflicts; China as a global power â— China after Mao: the struggle for power, “Gang of Four†and leadership of Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-p’ing) 1976 97; political and economic developments; Jiang Zemin (Chiang T’se-min) â— China’s impact on the region: relations with other states; Hong Kong and its return to China; economic, political and social developments in Nationalist China (Taiwan) 11. Global impact of the region in the second half of the 20th centuryThis section deals with the role played by the region in the world at large. During this period, Japan developed as an economic superpower, while South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and the South Asian subcontinent experienced their own economic miracles in the following years. Despite economic problems in the region in the later 1990s, these countries possessed the wealth and power to make the region a major driving force in the world economy. As a consequence the social, economic, political and cultural changes taking place in the region were also having an impact globally. With respect to the last three bullets, a case study approach should be adopted, using one country from the region as an example. The chosen country should be identified in the introduction to the examination answers. â— Korean War: causes, course and consequences â— Political and economic developments in Japan â— Economic miracles in Taiwan and South Korea â— Development of Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Thailand and the South Asian subcontinent â— Religion as an influence on regional relations and world affairs â— Globalization as an economic, cultural and social force â— Pacific Rim and the Pacific Islands: economic and political changes 12. Social and economic developments 1945 2000This section requires a case study of any one country of the region. As can be seen from the following, students require a thorough knowledge of the society concerned. Any political references should be made within the context of social and economic developments and be relevant to an understanding of them. This section allows students to develop their investigative and critical skills within the context of a case study of one country from the region. The chosen country should be identified in the introduction to the examination answers. â— Social structure and attitudes: health reforms, welfare state, gender issues, suffrage â— Role and impact of religion(s), conflict and tensions â— Developments in education, expansion and diversity â— Developments in the arts: visual arts, music, theatre, film and literature, media, propaganda, leisure and sport â— Immigration/emigration: causes and effects; demographic changes; urbanization â— Industrial revolution; impact of technology on society; the computer age HL option 5: Aspects of the history of Europe and the Middle East 1. The French Revolution and Napoleon—mid 18th century to 1815This section deals with the origins, outbreak, course and results of the French Revolution. It focuses on the social, economic, political and intellectual challenges confronting theancien régime and the stages of the revolutionary process during this period, culminating in the rise and rule of Napoleon Bonaparte. The unit requires investigation of the impact of the French Revolution, as well as Napoleon’s domestic and foreign policies, upon France and its European neighbours. â— Crisis of the ancien régime: role of the monarchy especially Louis XVI; intellectual, political, social, financial and economic challenges â— Stages in, and radicalization of, the revolution: urban and rural revolt; Constitution of 1791; the fate of the monarchy; the Terror; Robespierre; Thermidorean Reaction; Directory â— Revolutionary wars to promote and defend revolutionary ideals 1792 96 â— Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte â— Napoleon’s domestic and foreign policies pre- and post-1804; Napoleonic wars â— Collapse of the Napoleonic Empire and Bourbon restoration; Congress of Vienna 2. Unification and consolidation of Germany and Italy 1815 90This section deals with the emergence and growth of nationalism in the German states and the Italian peninsula, and the foundation and consolidation of power in these newly established nation states. It requires consideration of the social, economic and political factors involved in the unification process, the role of individuals as well as the significance of foreign involvement in that process. The changing balance of power after 1870 71 and relations with existing European Powers should be considered along with the main domestic policies and problems of the new states. â— Revolutions in Italy and the significance of Rome; Austrian Empire and the German states between 1815 and 1848 â— Unification of Italy: growth of power of Piedmont-Sardinia; Mazzini, Cavour and Garibaldi; foreign involvement and its effects â— The rise of Prussia 1815 62: political and economic factors including the German Confederation, the Zollverein; Prussian–Austrian relations to 1866 â— Decline of Austrian influence: Crimean War; Italy; Austro–Prussian War 1866; Dual Monarchy of Austria Hungary; challenge of nationalism â— Bismarck, Prussia and unification: diplomatic, economic, military reorganization; wars of unification; 1871 Constitution â— Comparison of Italian and German unification â— Bismarck’s Germany: domestic and foreign policy 3. Ottoman Empire from the early 19th to the early 20th centuryThis section focuses on developments in the Ottoman Empire both internally and externally. The condition of the declining empire meant that there was great interest in the region. It also meant that there was demand for change within Turkish and Ottoman lands. This section also focuses on the extent to which the Ottoman Empire changed over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries. â— Problems in the early 19th century: Greek War of Independence â— Muhammad Ali in Egypt: establishment and maintenance of power; impact; Ottoman and European responses â— Attempts at internal modernization: causes, aims and effects of Tanzimat reforms; Abdul Hamid: reaction and reform â— Crimean War (1854 6): causes and consequences â— The Eastern Question; European challenges and Ottoman responses (mid 19th century to 1913); decline of the Ottoman Empire â— Lebanon: levels of Ottoman control; communal tensions and Civil War 1860; extent of autonomy after 1861 â— Growth of the Committee of Union and Progress to 1908/09; reforms of the Young Turks; Balkan Wars 4. Western and Northern Europe 1848 1914This section covers British history from 1867 to 1914 and France during the Second Empire and Third French Republic. This was a period of change and modernization, as well as war, political turmoil and social upheavals. â— France: 1848 Revolution, Empire and Republic â— Napoleon III: domestic and foreign policies â— Collapse of Empire; Paris Commune â— Third French Republic 1875 1914: crises and policies; Boulanger; financial problems; Dreyfus; left wing movements; establishment of a secular state â— Britain 1867 1914: extension of the franchise; social reforms; development of political parties â— Disraeli and Gladstone: domestic, including Irish, policies; foreign and imperial policies â— Case study of political developments in one Western or Northern European state (suitable examples could be Spain, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland but all relevant states are valid) 5. Imperial Russia, revolutions, emergence of Soviet State 1853 1924This section deals with the decline of imperial power in Tsarist Russia and the emergence of the Soviet State. It requires examination and consideration of the social, economic and political factors that inaugurated and accelerated the process of decline. Attempts at domestic reform and the extent to which these hastened or hindered decline should be studied, together with the impact of war and foreign entanglements. â— Alexander II (1855 81): emancipation of the serfs; military, legal, educational, local government reforms; later reaction â— Policies of Alexander III (1881 94) and Nicholas II (1895 1917): backwardness and attempts at modernization; nature of tsardom; growth of opposition movements â— Significance of the Russo-Japanese War; 1905 Revolution; Stolypin and the Duma; the impact of the First World War (1914 18) on Russia â— 1917 Revolutions: February/March Revolution; Provisional Government and Dual Power (Soviets); October/November Bolshevik Revolution; Lenin and Trotsky â— Lenin’s Russia (1917 24): consolidation of new Soviet state; Civil War; War Communism; NEP; terror and coercion; foreign relations 6. European diplomacy and the First World War 1870 1923This section deals with the longer- and shorter-term origins of the First World War, its course and consequences. The breakdown of European diplomacy pre 1914 and the crises produced in international relations should be examined. It covers how the practice of war affected the military and home fronts. The section also investigates reasons for the Allied victory/Central Powers’ defeat plus a study of the economic, political and territorial effects of the post-war Paris Peace Settlement. â— European diplomacy and the changing balance of power after 1870 â— Aims, methods, continuity and change in German foreign policy to 1914; global colonial rivalry â— Relative importance of: the Alliance System; decline of the Ottoman Empire; Austria Hungary and Balkan nationalism; arms race; international and diplomatic crises â— Effects on civilian population; impact of war on women socially and politically â— Factors leading to the defeat of Germany and the other Central Powers (Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria); strategic errors; economic factors; the entry and role of the United States â— Post-war peace treaties and their territorial, political and economic effects on Europe: Versailles (St Germain, Trianon, Neuilly, Sèvres/Lausanne) 7. War and change in the Middle East 1914 49This section deals with the impact of the First World War upon the Middle East and examines the significance of the Arab revolt militarily and politically as well as the effects of Allied diplomacy on the region’s development. The unit requires consideration of post-war territorial and political rearrangements in the region, whether in the form of mandates or the establishment of independent states, as well as the emergence of movements for national regeneration. The question of the Palestine Mandate, including British administration and policies and the origins and development of the Arab–Jewish dispute up to 1948, is a particular area of focus. â— Allied diplomacy and its impact in the Middle East; MacMahon–Hussein Correspondence; Sykes–Picot Agreement 1916; Arab Revolt 1916; Balfour Declaration 1917 â— Paris Peace Settlement: territorial and political impact on the region; the mandate system: British and French administration in Iraq, Transjordan, Syria and Lebanon â— Establishment and operation of the Palestine Mandate until 1948: economic, social and political developments; increased Jewish immigration; agreements/policies: Hope Simpson Report, Peel Commission, White Papers â— Post-Second World War tensions: UNSCOP; creation of the state of Israel; War of Independence 1948 9 â— Atatürk and the Turkish Republic: aims and policies 1919 38; impact on Turkish society; successes and failures â— Iran and Reza Khan 1924 41: establishment and nature of the regime; attempts to modernize; Western influences â— Saudi Arabia and Ibn Saud 1932 1949: establishment and nature of the regime; role of religion in the state; economic and social policies 8. Interwar years: conflict and cooperation 1919 39This section deals with the period between the two World Wars and the attempts to promote international cooperation and collective security. Obstacles to cooperation, such as post-war revisionism, economic crises and challenges to democracy and political legitimacy in Italy, Germany and Spain respectively, all require examination and consideration. The policies of the right-wing regimes and the responses of democratic states are also the focus of this section. â— Germany 1919 33: political, constitutional, economic, financial and social problems â— Italy 1919 39: Mussolini’s domestic and foreign policies â— The impact of the Great Depression (case study of its effect on one country in Europe) â— Spanish Civil War: background to the outbreak of the Civil War; causes and consequences; foreign involvement; reasons for Nationalist victory â— Hitler’s domestic and foreign policy (1933 39) â— Search for collective security; appeasement in the interwar years; the failure of international diplomacy; the outbreak of war in 1939 9. The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 1924 2000This section deals with the consolidation of the Soviet state from 1924 and the methods applied to ensure its survival, growth and expansion inside and outside the borders of the Soviet Union. The rise and nature of the rule of Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev and the policies and practice of Sovietization (post 1945) in Central and Eastern Europe are areas for examination. East–West relations post 1945 in relation to Soviet aims and leadership should also be considered. â— Stalin (1924 53): power struggle; collectivization and industrialization; Five Year Plans; constitution; cult of personality; purges; impact on society; foreign relations to 1941 â— The Great Patriotic War: breakdown of wartime alliance; Cold War; policies towards Germany: Berlin; Eastern European satellite states; Warsaw Pact â— Khrushchev (1955 64): struggle for power after Stalin’s death; destalinization; peaceful coexistence; domestic policies: economic and agricultural; foreign relations: Hungary, Berlin, Cuba, China â— Brezhnev: domestic and foreign policies â— Case study of one Sovietized/satellite state: establishment of Soviet control; the nature of the single-party state; domestic policies; opposition and dissent (suitable examples could be East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland but all relevant states are valid) â— Transformation of Soviet Union: political developments and change (1982 2000) 10. The Second World War and post-war Western Europe 1939 2000This section deals with the Second World War, post-war recovery and the effects of the Cold War in the second half of the 20th century and, in some cases the transition from authoritarian to democratic government. It requires examination of the social, political and economic issues facing states and the methods used to cope with the challenges, either within individual states or in the move towards a system of European integration, in pursuit of mutually acceptable political, economic and foreign policy goals. â— Second World War in Europe; Cold War: impact on Germany, NATO and military cooperation â— Post-war problems and political and economic recovery in Western Europe: devastation; debt 1945 9 â— Establishment and consolidation of the Federal Republic of Germany to German reunification â— Moves towards political and economic integration, cooperation and enlargement post-1945: EEC, EC, EU â— Spain: Franco’s regime and the transition to, and establishment of, democracy under Juan Carlos â— Case study of one Western European state between 1945 and 2000 (excluding Germany and Spain): the nature of the government; domestic policies; opposition and dissent 11. Post-war developments in the Middle East 1945 2000This section deals with the issues of nationalism, communalism, modernization and westernization in the Middle East post-1945. It requires examination of the issues of domestic reforms and the extent to which they proved acceptable and/or successful in achieving their aims, as well as consideration of the influence of outside interference on developments within the region generally or in specific states. Relationships between Arab states and the relationship of Arab states (individually and/or collectively) with Israel following the war of 1973 should also be investigated. â— Egypt under Nasser, Sadat and Mubarak: nature of the state; political developments; economic and social policies â— Modernization and Westernization under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in Iran: impact of Western influence; White Revolution; nature of society; 1979 Revolution â— Lebanon: civil wars, outside interference and reconstruction; confessional state; economic tensions; growth of militias and PLO â— Pan-Arabism: the UAR and the search for Arab leadership and unity; short-lived nature of UAR; longer-term impact on Islamic unity â— The Arab world and Israel: uneasy relations and conflicts; attempts at peacemaking; tensions caused by consequences of conflict (Occupied Territories, Intifada) â— Case study of one Middle Eastern state (excluding Egypt): the nature of the government; domestic policies; opposition and dissent (suitable examples could be Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Syria or any other relevant state) 12. Social and economic developments in Europe and the Middle East in the 19th or 20th centuryThis section requires a case study of any one country of the region for a period of approximately fifty years. As can be seen from the following, students require a thorough knowledge of the society concerned. Any political references should be made within the context of social and economic developments and be relevant to an understanding of them. This section allows students to develop their investigative and critical skills within the context of a case study of one country from the region. The chosen country and period of study should be identified in the introduction to the examination answers. â— Social structure and attitudes: health reforms, welfare state; gender issues; suffrage â— Role and impact of religion(s), conflict and tensions â— Developments in education; expansion and diversity â— Developments in the arts: visual arts, music, theatre, film and literature, media, propaganda, leisure and sport â— Immigration/emigration: causes and effects; demographic changes; urbanization â— Industrial revolution; impact of technology on society; the computer age Topic 1: Causes, practices and effects of warsWar was a major feature of the 20th century. In this topic the different types of war should be identified, and the causes, practices and effects of these conflicts should be studied. Major themes Different types and nature of 20th century warfare â— Civil â— Guerrilla â— Limited war, total war Origins and causes of wars â— Long-term, short-term and immediate causes â— Economic, ideological, political, religious causes Nature of 20th century wars â— Technological developments, tactics and strategies, air, land and sea â— Home front: economic and social impact (including changes in the role and status of women) â— Resistance and revolutionary movements Effects and results of wars â— Peace settlements and wars ending without treaties â— Attempts at collective security pre- and post-Second World War â— Political repercussions and territorial changes â— Post-war economic problems Material for detailed studyâ— First World War (1914 8) â— Second World War (1939 45) â— Africa: Algerian War (1954 62), Nigerian Civil War (1967 70) â— Americas: Falklands/Malvinas war (1982), Nicaraguan Revolution (1976 9) â— Asia and Oceania: Indo-Pakistan wars (1947 9, 1965, 1971), Chinese Civil War (1927 37 and 1946 9) â— Europe and Middle East: Spanish Civil War (1936 9), Iran–Iraq war (1980 88), Gulf War (1991) Topic 2: Democratic states—challenges and responsesThe 20th century witnessed the establishment, survival, destruction and re-emergence of democratic states. Democratic systems faced threats to their existence from internal and external sources. In some cases the system coped successfully, in other cases the pressures proved difficult to withstand. The performance of democratic states in relation to such pressures—economic, political and social—form the basis for this topic. Major themes Nature and structure of democratic (multiparty) states â— Constitutions (written and unwritten) â— Electoral systems, proportional representation, coalition governments â— Role of political parties: role of an opposition â— Role of pressure (interest/lobby) groups Economic and social policies â— Employment â— Gender â— Health, education â— Social welfare Political, social and economic challenges â— Political extremism â— Ethnicity, religion, gender â— Movements for the attainment of civil rights â— Inequitable distribution of wealth/resources Material for detailed studyâ— Africa: South Africa 1991 2000, Mandela; Nigeria 1961 6 â— Americas: Argentina 1983 95, Alfonsin and Menem; Canada 1968 84, Trudeau; United States 1953 73, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon â— Asia and Oceania: India 1947 64, Nehru; Japan 1945 52, post-war reconstruction; Australia 1965 75 â— Europe and Middle East: France 1958 69, de Gaulle; Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1967 90; Weimar Germany 1919 33 Topic 3: Origins and development of authoritarian and single-party statesThe 20th century produced many authoritarian and single-party states. The origins, ideology, form of government, organization, nature and impact of these regimes should be studied. Major themes Origins and nature of authoritarian and single-party states â— Conditions that produced authoritarian and single-party states â— Emergence of leaders: aims, ideology, support â— Totalitarianism: the aim and the extent to which it was achieved Establishment of authoritarian and single party states â— Methods: force, legal â— Form of government, (left- and right-wing) ideology â— Nature, extent and treatment of opposition Domestic policies and impact â— Structure and organization of government and administration â— Political, economic, social and religious policies â— Role of education, the arts, the media, propaganda â— Status of women, treatment of religious groups and minorities Material for detailed studyâ— Africa: Kenya—Kenyatta; Tanzania—Nyerere â— Americas: Argentina—Perón; Cuba—Castro â— Asia and Oceania: China—Mao; Indonesia—Sukarno â— Europe and the Middle East: Germany—Hitler; USSR—Stalin; Egypt—Nasser Topic 4: Nationalist and independence movements in Africa and Asia and post 1945 Central and Eastern European statesAn important development of the 20th century, especially in the post-Second World War period, was the decline of imperial rule and the emergence of new states. This topic covers decolonization in Africa and Asia. It also covers the break-up of Soviet control in Eastern Europe, as well as the emergence of new states elsewhere in Europe. Emphasis should be placed on the origins and development of the nationalist and independence movements, the formation of post-colonial governments/new states, the problems facing new governments (both internal and external pressures) and attempts to solve them. Please note that students will not be asked to compare and contrast the nationalist and independence movements in Africa and Asia with the new states in Europe post 1945. Major themes Origins and rise of nationalist/independence movements in Africa and Asia â— Anti-colonialism (opposition to Belgian, British, Dutch, French and Portuguese colonial rule) â— Nationalism, political ideology, religion â— Impact of the two world wars and the Cold War â— Other factors fostering growth of nationalist and independence movements Methods of achieving independence in Africa and Asia â— Armed struggle â— Non-violent movements, elite and mass movements â— Role and importance of leaders of nationalist/independence movements â— Political organization Challenges to Soviet or centralized control in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans â— Origins and growth of movements challenging Soviet or centralized control â— Role and importance of leaders, organizations and institutions â— Methods of achieving independence from Soviet or centralized control Formation of, and challenges to, post-colonial governments/new states â— Colonial legacy, neo-colonialism and Cold War â— Conflict with neighbours â— Lack of political experience â— Economic issues â— Social, religious and cultural issues â— Ethnic, racial and separatist movements Material for detailed study Nationalist and independence movements in Africa and Asiaâ— Movements: Africa—Algeria, Angola, Belgian Congo/Zaire, Ghana, Rhodesia/Zimbabwe; Asia—India and Pakistan, Indochina â— Leaders: Ben Bella (Algeria), Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam), Jinnah (Pakistan), Gandhi (India), Mugabe (Zimbabwe), Nkrumah (Ghana) Post-1945 nationalist and independence movements in Central and Eastern Europeâ— Movements: Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia and its dissolution and successor states â— Leaders: Walesa (Poland), Havel (Czechoslovakia) Topic 5: The Cold WarThis topic addresses East–West relations from 1945. It aims to promote an international perspective and understanding of the origins, course and effects of the Cold War—a conflict that dominated global affairs from the end of the Second World War to the early 1990s. It includes superpower rivalry and events in all areas affected by Cold War politics such as spheres of interest, wars (proxy), alliances and interference in developing countries. Major themes Origins of the Cold War â— Ideological differences â— Mutual suspicion and fear â— From wartime allies to post-war enemies Nature of the Cold War â— Ideological opposition â— Superpowers and spheres of influence â— Alliances and diplomacy in the Cold War Development and impact of the Cold War â— Global spread of the Cold War from its European origins â— Cold War policies of containment, brinkmanship, peaceful coexistence, détente â— Role of the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement â— Role and significance of leaders â— Arms race, proliferation and limitation â— Social, cultural and economic impact End of the Cold War â— Break-up of Soviet Union: internal problems and external pressures â— Breakdown of Soviet control over Central and Eastern Europe Material for detailed studyâ— Wartime conferences: Yalta and Potsdam â— US policies and developments in Europe: Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO â— Soviet policies, Sovietization of Eastern and Central Europe, COMECON, Warsaw Pact â— Sino–Soviet relations â— US–Chinese relations â— Germany (especially Berlin (1945 61)), Congo (1960 64), Afghanistan (1979 88), Korea, Cuba, Vietnam, Middle East â— Castro, Gorbachev, Kennedy, Mao, Reagan, Stalin, Truman maybe this will help? Sorry it's really long this is where I got my topic from. 2 Reply Link to post Share on other sites More sharing options...
Recommended Posts
Join the conversation
You can post now and register later. If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account.